Chlorine Chloride

Choline Chloride-75% Aq

Choline Chloride in Clay Stabilization for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry

Choline chloride 75% is a chemical compound which is used into various industrial applications, predominately as a component for hydraulic fracturing of shale natural gas wells. Choline Chloride in Clay Stabilization for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry Drilling and stimulation in shale and other clay containing formations pose challenges due to day swelling. This swelling causes a number of issues

including:

-Wellbore instability

-Cuttings disintegration

Br balling

Fines migration

-Reductions in permeability of the formation to hydrocarbons

Choline Chloride has proven itself as a safe and very effective clay stabilizer, at a reasonable cost

functions through ion exchange, where choline chlonde provides a cation to replace the native

solubilized clay cation (typically sodium)

Choline Chloride is used as a shale swelling inhibitor in drilling fluid, completion fluid, and workover fuit, to prevent shale from expansion and hydration, providing wellbore stability.

These issues can result in higher drilling costs and slower production rates. Clay stabilizers reduce day swelling and its associated risks leading to lower drilling costs and improved production rates Potassium chloride (KCL) is commonly used in preventing the swelling of clay as a temporary clay stablizer However, the use of KCL in drilling carries environmental concerns as chlorides do not degrade and can enter surface water carrying heavy metal including cadmium and mercury

The key features offered by Choline salts as an alternative to traditional clay stabilizers include

Biodegradability and reduction in the amount of chlorides Superior performance and use at much lower levels

Compatibility with brine, calcium chloride and KCL solutions

Ability to work well with known fracturing fluids, cross-linkers and breakers

Minimization in chemical handling including pre-mixing and saltwater disposal Flexibility for use in all environments