Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas, which being lighter forms a gas cap over the petroleum, and saline water which, being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it.

Crude oil may also be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand and water. It is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow.