Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. It is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation, i.e. separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column. It consists of naturally occurring hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and may contain miscellaneous organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure. Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures) have been completed. It is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into numerous consumer products, from gasoline (petrol) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 95 million barrels each day.
Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel it is often referred to as autogas. Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane (C 3H 8), mostly butane (C 4H 10), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane. Mainly two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5. These specifications are published by the Gas Processors Association (GPA) and the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). Propane/butane blends are also listed in these specifications. Propylene, butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations. HD-5 limits the amount of propylene that can be placed in LPG to 5%, and is utilized as an autogas specification. A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The internationally recognized European Standard is EN 589. LPG is prepared by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas, and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Dr. Walter Snelling, and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very few sulfur emissions. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or water pollution hazards, but it can cause air pollution. LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline). However, its energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its relative density is lower (about 0.5 - 0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.7- 0.77 kg/L for gasoline).
Gasoil is received through the direct distillation of crude oil. The main consumers of this fuel are agricultural equipment, trucks, railway transport and marine vessels. Gasoil use for large engines is very convenient and advantageous, because it is cheaper than gasoline, but does not yield to it in the combustible properties. It is characterized by a high degree of compression, which also allows saving fuel. There are three types of gasoil: summer, winter and arctic gasoil. Another characteristic of this fuel is cetane number on which ignition and combustion depend. The average value of the cetane number is between 40 and 50. Sales of gasoil today are growing exponentially. Delivery of this fuel is carried out in safe fuel tankers, subject to maintain product quality.
We have ability to supply high standard Petroleum Bitumen, Oxidized Bitumen to our customers base in the industrial and road emulsion markets with high quality and best prices Bitumen source: Russia and other countries Bitumen is a Non-fuel products and has many classes 80/100 grade â?¢ 50 / 70 grade â?¢ 60/70 grade 85/100 grade Bitumen 80/100 Bitumen 80/100 is used as a binder of mineral aggregates in asphalt concrete and hot laid plant mix for highways, airports, parking areas, driveways and curbs. Bitumen 50/70 Bitumen 50/70 is used in road construction for asphalt mix production, especially for wearing courses and for binder courses (in low volume roads). Bitumen 60-70 Bitumen 60-70 is used as a binder of mineral aggregates in asphalt concrete and hot laid plant mix for highways, airports, parking areas, driveways and curbs. Bitumen 85/100 Bitumen 85/100 is also one the most popular bitumen grades for industrial usages, road construction and other projects.
Mazut is a heavy, low quality fuel oil, used in generating plants and similar applications. In the United States and Western Europe, mazut is blended or broken down, with the end product being diesel. Mazut may be used for heating houses in the former USSR and in countries of the Far East that do not have the facilities to blend or break it down into more conventional petro-chemicals. In the West, furnaces that burn mazut are commonly called "waste oil" heaters or "waste oil" furnaces. Mazut-100 is a fuel oil that is manufactured to GOST specifications, for example GOST 10585-75 (not active), GOST 10585-99 Oil fuel. Mazut. Mazut is almost exclusively manufactured in the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. This product is typically used for larger boilers in producing steam since the energy value is high. The most important factor when grading this fuel is the sulfur content, which can mostly be affected by the source feedstock. For shipment purposes, this product is considered a "dirty oil" product, and because viscosity drastically affects whether it is able to be pumped, shipping has unique requirements. Mazut is much like Number 6 Oil , and is part of the products left over after gasoline and lighter components are evaporated from the crude oil. The main difference between the different types of Mazut-100 is the content of sulphur. The grades are represented by these sulfuric levels: "Very Low Sulphur" is mazut with a sulphur content of 0.5% "Low Sulphur" is a mazut with a sulphur content of 0.5-1.0% "Normal Sulphur" is a mazut with a sulphur content of 1.0-2.0% "High Sulphur" is a mazut with a sulphur content of 2.0-3.5% Very Low Sulphur mazut is generally made from the lowest sulfur crude feedstocks
JET A-1 Is an aviation fuel formerly known as "kerosene" which is suitable for most jet aircraft, and it is the principal fuel used for jet turbine engines. It is also used in general aviation for compatible diesel engine planes. It meets stringent international requirements, particularly those of the latest versions of the AFQRJOS, the British DEF STAN 91-91 standard, the ASTM D1655 standard, and the NATO F-35 specification. It has a minimum flashpoint of 38'C and a maximum freezing point of -47C. JP 54 It is a powers gas turbine aircraft engines. Jet A and A-1 have specifications that can be used in fuel worldwide. Jet B is used in cold weather elements. Commonly a number of different mixtures make up jet fuel and this relates to flash points and how the carbon numbers are distributed. Actually most jet fuel exported from Russia etc. is "JP54" or "Colonial JP54". It is similar to "Jet A" except the the Specific Energy is 18.4 mj/kg compared to that of 42.8 mj/kg of "Jet A
The Secret of Sugar : The simple, irrefutable fact, is this: Sugar is a healthy part of a diet. Carbohydrates, including sugar, are the preferred sources of the body's fuel for brain power, muscle energy and every natural process that goes on in e\ery functioning cell. Sugar is more than a "fun" food ingredient, it's an essential one as well. Because it's all-natural, you can consume it with confidence. As Nature's preferred sweetener, sugar is present not only in nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables, but is also a key component, in foods as diverse as whole grain breads and cereals, yogurts and tomato sauces. Producing countries of sugar: The five largest producers of sugar in 2011 were Brazil, India, the European Union, China and Thailand. At present, Brazil is currently the largest, sugar producing nation in the world, Brazil exported 17.7 million tons of sugar to other nations, which comprises almost. 40% of the sugar traded in the world that year. That, fluctuations of sugar production in Brazil alone can affect, world sugar prices substantially. But what does ICUMSA 45 actually mean? ICUMSA â?? is ail acronym for the â?? International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis. It is a world-wide body which brings together the activities of the National Committees for Sugar Analysis in more than thirty member countries. ICUMSA is the only international organization concerned solely with analytical methods for the sugar industry. The ICUMSA ratings method allow s a meaningful and accurate description of the product which can be easily understood by interested parties no matter where they come from. ICUMSA 45 SUGAR : ICUMSA 45 sugar is the highest quality sugar available on the market today according to the Brazilian SGS method of testing. ICUMSA 45 sugar is a sparkling white, highly refined sugar, suitable for human consumption and use in a wide range of food applications. Sugar trading features heavily in futures trading, and many crops are sold years before they are actually grown, sometimes up to three years before the sugar cane is even planted. Brazil refines relatively little of its sugar for export, so newcomers to the market will often find that, much Brazilian ICUMSA 45 has already been sold quite some time before it was produced. For this reason, buyers looking to purchase large amounts of sugar, especially of ICUMSA 45, but also lower grade sugar often run into difficulties sourcing a reliable supplier. The name of the goods: ICUMSA 45 SUGAR Origin: Brazil Specifications: TOLARITY at 20"C: 99.80�° Minimum SULPHATED ASH CONTENT: 0.04% Maximum by Weight MOISTURE: 0.04%
Corn is a cereal plant of the grass family and its edible grain. The domesticated crop originated in the Americas and is one of the most widely distributed of the world's food crops. Corn is used as livestock feed, as human food, as biofuel, and as a raw material in the industry. In the United States, the colorful variegated strains known as Indian corn are traditionally used in autumn harvest decorations Corn was first domesticated by native peoples in Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Native Americans taught European colonists to grow the indigenous grains, and, since its introduction into Europe by Christopher Columbus and other explorers, corn has spread to all areas of the world suitable to its cultivation. It is grown from 58�° N latitude in Canada and Russia to 40 Slatitude in South America, with a corn crop maturing somewhere in the world nearly every month of the year. It is the most important crop in the United States and is a staple food in many places.
WHEAT Wheat, any of several species of cereal grasses of the genus Triticum and their edible grains. Wheat is one of the oldest and most important of the cereal crops. Of the thousands of varieties known, the most important are common wheat (Triticum aestivum), used to make bread; durum wheat (T. durum), used in making pasta (alimentary pastes) such as spaghetti and macaroni; and club wheat (T. compactum), a softer type, used for cake, crackers, cookies, pastries, and flours. Additionally, some wheat is used by industry for the production of starch, paste, malt, dextrose, gluten, alcohol, and other products. For treatment of the cultivation of wheat, see cereal farming. For the processing of wheat grain, see cereal processing. The wheat plant has long slender leaves and stems that are hollow in most varieties. The inflorescences are composed of varying numbers of minute flowers, ranging from 20 to 100. The flowers are borne in groups of two to six in structures known as spikelets, which later serve to house the subsequent two or three grains produced by the flowers. Though grown under a wide range of climates and soils, wheat is best adapted to temperate regions with rainfall between 30 and 90 cm (12 and 36 inches). Winter and spring wheat are the two major types of the crop, with the severity of the winter determining whether a winter or spring type is cultivated. Winter wheat is always sown in the fall; spring wheat is generally sown in the spring but can be sown in the fall where winters are mild.
Barley , a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In 2017, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced (149 million tonnes ) behind maize, rice and wheat. Barley was one of the first domesticated grains in the Fertile Crescent, an area of relatively abundant water in Western Asia, and near the Nile river of northeast Africa. The grain appeared in the same time as einkorn and emmer wheat. Wild barley ranges from North Africa and Crete in the west, to Tibet in the east. According to some scholars, the earliest evidenceof wild barley in an archaeological context comes from the Epipaleolithic at Ohalo II at the southern end of the Sea of Galilee. The remains were dated to about 8500 BCE.
