Salvia officinalis (Garden sage, Common sage) is a small perennial evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the family Lamiaceae and is native to the Mediterranean region, though it has naturalized in many places throughout the world. It has a long history of medicinal and culinary use, and in modern times as an ornamental garden plant. The common name "Sage" is also used for a number of related and unrelated species. Cultivars are quite variable in size, leaf and flower color, and foliage pattern, with many variegated leaf types. The Old World type grows to approximately 2 ft (0.61 m) tall and wide, with lavender flowers most common, though they can also be white, pink, or purple. The plant flowers in late spring or summer. The leaves are oblong, ranging in size up to 2.5 in (6.4 cm) long by 1 in (2.5 cm) wide. Leaves are grey-green, rugose on the upper side, and nearly white underneath due to the many short soft hairs. Modern cultivars include leaves with purple, rose, cream, and yellow in many variegated combinations. Sage is a silvery-green plant with leaves that offer a memorable fragrant. The most common variety of sage was first found growing in regions around the Mediterranean but now grows in regions of North America as well. The leaves of the sage herb serve both medicinal and culinary purposes. For thousands of years sage has been used for a variety of culinary and medicinal purposes. It has been used in connection with sprains, swelling, ulcers, and bleeding. As a tea, sage has been administered for sore throats and coughs. Herbalists have also used this herb for rheumatism, menstrual bleeding, strengthening the nervous system, improving memory, and sharpening the senses.
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Fam: Myristicaceae The nutmeg tree is a large evergreen native to the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) and is now cultivated in the West Indies. It produces two spices — mace and nutmeg. Nutmeg is the seed kernel inside the fruit and mace is the lacy covering (aril) on the kernel. The Arabs were the exclusive importers of the spice to Europe up until 1512, when Vasco de Gama reached the Moloccas and claimed the islands for Portugal. To preserve their new monopoly, the Portuguese (and from 1602, the Dutch) restricted the trees to the islands of Banda and Amboina. The Dutch were especially cautious, since the part of the fruit used as a spice is also the seed, so that anyone with the spice could propagate it. To protect against this, the Dutch bathed the seeds in lime, which would prevent them from growing. This plan was thwarted however, by fruit pigeons who carried the fruit to other islands, before it was harvested, scattering the seeds. The Dutch sent out search and destroy crews to control the spread and when there was an abundant harvest, they even burned nutmeg to keep its supply under control. Despite these precautions, the French, led by Pierre Poivre (Peter Piper) smuggled nutmeg seeds and clove seedlings to start a plantation on the island of Mauritius, off the east coast of Africa, near Madagascar. In 1796 the British took over the Moloccas and spread the cultivation to other East Indian islands and then to the Caribbean. Nutmeg was so successful in Grenada it now calls itself the Nutmeg Island, designing its flag in the green, yellow and red colours of nutmeg and including a graphic image of nutmeg in one corner. Spice Description The nutmeg seed is encased in a mottled yellow, edible fruit, the approximate size and shape of a small peach. The fruit splits in half to reveal a net-like, bright red covering over the seed. This is the aril which is collected, dried and sold as mace. Under the aril is a dark shiny nut-like pit, and inside that is the oval shaped seed which is the nutmeg. Nutmegs are usually sold without the mace or hard shell. They are oval, about 25 mm (1 in) in length, lightly wrinkled and dark brown on the outside, lighter brown on the inside. Nutmeg is sold whole or ground, and is labeled as ‘East Indian’ or ‘West Indian’ indicating its source. Whole nutmeg may be coated with lime to protect against insects and fungus, though this practice is giving way to other forms of fumigation. Bouquet:sweet, aromatic and nutty Flavour : Nutty , warm and slightly sweet Hotness Scale: 1
Dry Stevia Rebaudiana Leaves
Botanical Name - Acacia concinna Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Pod General Information - Acacia concinna has been used traditionally for hair care in the Indian Subcontinent since ancient times. It is one of the Ayurvedic medicinal plants. It is traditionally used as a shampoo [6] and it is also added in synthetic Ayurvedic shampoos. It is widely known as Shikakai. Phytochemicals - In commercial extracts, when the plant is hydrolyzed it yields lupeol, spinasterol, acacic acid, lactone, and the natural sugars glucose, arabinose and rhamnose. It also contains hexacosanol, spinasterone, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, and the alkaloids calyctomine and nicotine.
Botanical Name - Aconitum heterophyllum Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Roots and Seeds General Information - Aconitum Heterophyllum (A. Heterophyllum) is an indigenous medicinal plant of India and belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. A. Heterophyllum is known to possess a number of therapeutic effects. For very ancient times, this plant has been used in some formulations in the traditional healing system of India, i.e., Ayurveda. It is reported to have use in treating patients with urinary infections, diarrhea, and inflammation. Phytochemicals - Aconitum Heterophyllum having Chemical constituents like 12-secohetisan-2-ol, N-succinoylanthranilate, Atesinol 6-benzoylheterastine, N-diethyl-N-formyllaconitine, Methyl aconitine. Aconitine, Anthorine
Botanical Name - Acorus calamus Category - Medicinal Form - Fresh/Dry Part Used - Tuberous rhizomes General Information - Acorus calamus, a semiaquatic herb with creeping rhizomes, shows diverse pharmacological properties including antibacterial, insecticidal, antiulcerative, etc. It is a very potent adaptogenic drug. Phytochemicals- bioactive compounds present in Acorus calamus are flavonoid, monoterpene, quinone, sesquiterpene, and phenylpropanoid
Botanical Name - Andrographis paniculata Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Whole Plant General Information - The whole herb is bitter in taste and is source of several diterpenoids of which a bitter water soluble lactone andrographolide is important. The plant is acrid, cooling, laxative, antipyretic, antiperiodic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, sudorific, anthelmintic, digestive and stomachic. It is useful in burning sensation, chronic fever, malaria and intermittent fever, inflammation, cough, bronchitis, skin diseases, intestinal worm, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhoids and vitiated condition of pitta. The plant is often used as a substitute for Chirayita (Swertia chirayita). Phytochemicals - A number of diterpenoids and diterpenoid glycosides of similar carbon skeleton have been isolated from Andrographis, mainly the most bitter compounds among them are andrographolide, neoandrographolide, deoxyandrographolide. Other such phytochemicals amassed by the plant are 14-deoxyandro -grapholide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, andrographiside, deoxyandrographiside, homoandrogra-pholide, andrographan, andrographon, andro-graphosterin and stigmasterol. The leaves of Andrographis contain the highest amount of andrographolide (2.39%), the most medicinally active phytochemical in the plant, while the seeds contain the lowest. Andrographolide has highly bitter taste, is colorless crystalline in appearance, and possess a "lactone function". Both growing region and seasonal changes have a strong impact on formation of the diterpene lactones. The highest concentration of the active components is found just before the plant blooms, making early fall the best time to harvest.
Botanical Name - Cassia auriculata Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Leaves General Information - Linn commonly known as Tanners Senna, is also known as Avaram tree. It is distributed throughout hot deciduous forests of India. Wild in dry regions of Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Rajasthan and other parts of India. Phytochemicals- The chemical composition of the leaves of Cassia auriculata having presence of 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose (48.50%), ±-Tocopherol-I-D mannoside (14.22%), Resorcinol (11.80%), n- Hexadecanoic acid (3.21%), 13-Octadecenal, (Z)- (2.18%) and 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolin-6-ol-1-carboxylic acid (1.98%) An antibacterial compound - Oleanolic acid could derived from the leaves of Cassia auriculata.
Botanical Name - Chlorophytum borivilianum Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Roots General Information - Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), a herb belongs to family Liliaceae. It was originally grown in thick forests of India,1 is a promising medicinal plant with great economic potential. The appreciation of medicinal value of safed musli tubers has been made in ancient Indian medicine literature right from the 11th century AD. Phytochemicals - The tubers contain saponins and have aphrodisiac, adaptogenic, antiaging, health restorative and health promoting properties. Its root contains steroidal and triterpenoidal saponins, sapogenins and fructans which act as therapeutic agents and play vital role in many therapeutic applications. It is a rich source of over 25 alkaloids, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, steroids, saponins, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phenol, resins, mucilage, and polysaccharides and also contains high quantity of simple sugars, mainly sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose and xylose.
Botanical Name - Cinnamomum camphora Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Leaves General Information - Cinnamomum camphora is a species of evergreen tree that is commonly known under the names camphor tree, camphorwood or camphor laurel. The leaves have a glossy, waxy appearance and smell of camphor when crushed. In spring, it produces bright green foliage with masses of small white flowers. It produces clusters of black, berry-like fruit around 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter. Its pale bark is very rough and fissured vertically. Phytochemicals - "The species contains volatile chemical compounds in all plant parts, and the wood and leaves are steam distilled for the essential oils. Camphor laurel has six different chemical variants called chemotypes, which are camphor, linalool, 1,8-cineole, nerolidol, safrole, and borneol. In China, field workers avoid mixing chemotypes when harvesting by their odour.[5][6] The cineole fraction of camphor laurel is used in China to manufacture fake ""eucalyptus oil"".[7] The chemical variants (or chemotypes) seem dependent upon the country of origin of the tree. e.g., C. camphora grown in Taiwan and Japan is normally very high in linalool, often between 80 and 85%. In India and Sri Lanka, the high camphor variety/chemotype remains dominant. C. camphora grown in Madagascar, though, is high in 1,8-cineole (averaging between 40 and 50%). The essential oil from the Madagascar trees is commercially known as ravintsara.["
Botanical Name - Nardostachys jatamansi Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Roots, Rhizomes General Information - Nardostachys jatamansi DC. is an endangered, primitive and therapeutic herbal agent belonging to family Valerianaceae. The rhizomes of this hairy, perennial, dwarf and herbaceous plant are used for therapeutic effect in ayurvedic and unani system of medicine. Nardostachys jatamansi has been reported to have many therapeutic activities like antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cardio protective properties. It is used in the treatment of insomnia and CNS disorders. The vasodilator, bronchodilator, spasmolytic and platelet aggregation inhibition activities of the plant have also been reported. Jatamansone, nardostachone and actinidine are the major secondary metabolites present in the plant. Phytochemicals - Nardostachys jatamansi consist of chemical constituents Alpha-patchoulenese, angelicin, beta-eudesemol, beta-patchoulenese, beta-sitosterol, calarene, calarenol, elemol, jatamansin, jatamansinol, jatamansone, n-hexacosane, n-hexacosanol, n-hexacosanyl arachidate, n-hexacosanyl isolverate, nardol, nardostechone, norsechelanone, oroselol, patchouli alcohol, seychelane, seychellene, valeranal, valeranone. Volatile essential oil, resins, sugar, starch, bitter extractive matter, gum, ketone, sesqueterpin ketone, spirojatamol etc. Other sesquiterpenes include nardin, nardal, jatamnsic acid, b-maline and patchouli alcohol.
Botanical Name - Pelargonium graveolens Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Leaves General Information - "Commonly known as Geranium, Pelargonium graveolens, is an aromatic, perennial and flowering plant which belongs to Geraniaceae family in the order of Geraniales that contains about 230 genera and more than 2500 species4. Pelargonium species probably originates from South Africa and introduced to Europe in the 17th century and have since been hybridized all over the world5. Nowadays the major production of geranium takes place in China and Middle East especially in Egypt and Morocco6. Pelargonium genus has 750 species scattered widely around the world growing as annuals. P. graveolens has been known as â??Shamdani Atriâ?? in Iran. P. graveolens is a shrubby perennial plant growing to a height of 1 m if left unpruned. In the tropical areas it is grown as an annual. The leaves are lobed and contain essential oil. The plant has typical small, pink flowers. Leaves and stalks are the essential parts of this plant. The essential oil is extracted from fresh plant material mainly using steam distillation. P. graveolens essential oil is largely utilized in the perfumery, cosmetic and aromatherapy industries all over the world. It has since become indispensable aromatherapy oil. Geranium oil responds well to the balancing effects of constipation, insomnia, restlessness, nervousness, anxiety, worry, high blood pressure, anger, frustration, emotional upsets, hypercholesterolemia, slow to lose weight and low metabolic forces. " Phytochemicals - "Many chemical constituents such as volatile substances, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, coumarins, cinnamic acids and tannins have been isolated from the plant. Citronellol (29.90%), trans-geraniol (18.03%), 10-epi-�³- eudesmol (8.27%), isomenthone (5.44%), linalool (5.13%), geranyl acetate (4.52%), �³- Cadinene (2.89%), geranyl butyrate (2.53%), geranyltiglate (2.50%) and gemacrene D (2.05%) were identified as the major constituents of the P. graveolens aerial parts essential oil. Phytochemical investigations in 1996 resulted in characterization of the indole alkaloids, elaeocarpidine, and its 20-H isomer epielaeocarpidine in the leaves of geranium. "
Botanical Name - Plantago ovata Category - Spices/Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Seeds, Husk General Information - Psyllium, scientifically known as plantago ovata has gained a reputation as a natural medicinal plant. Psyllium is the common name used for several members of the plant genus Plantago and Plantago ovata, Psyllium husk and Ispaghula husk are other generic name for this imperative plant. The genus Plantago has more than 200 species, which is grown all over the world but P. ovata and P. psyllium are produced commercially in several, American, South Asian and European countries as a major seasonal crop due to its seed mucilage, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food grade properties. Phytochemicals - Blond psyllium husk consists of the ground husk of the psyllium seed (Plantago ovata), a mixture of polysaccharides composed of pentoses, hexoses, and uronic acids. Psyllium is a predominantly soluble fiber, and numerous adult clinical studies have evaluated the effect of psyllium in subjects with constipation.
Botanical Name - Plectranthus Amboinicus Category - Spices/Medicinal Form - Fresh/Dry Part Used - Leaves General Information - Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng belongs to family Lamiaceae, known as country borage in English. It is large succulent aromatic perennial herb, shrubby below, hispidly villous or tomentose. It is found throughout India, Ceylon and Moluccas. The leaves of the plant are bitter, acrid and were being widely used traditionally for various purposes. The plant has been worked out very well and isolated several chemical constituents and had shown various biological properties. Phytochemicals - CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS includes Butylaniside, -caryophyllene, carvacrol, 1-8-cineole, p-cymene, ethylsalicylate, eugenol, limonene, myrcene, and -pinenes, -selenene, -terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, thymol, verbenone (essential oil), apigenin, chrysoeriol, 5,4-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-flavone (cirsimaritin), eriodictyol, 6-methoxy-genkawanin, luteolin, quercetin, salvigenin, taxifolin, oxaloacetic acid, crategolic, euscaphic, 2 -3 -dihydro-olean-12-en-28-oic, pomolic, oleanolic, tormentic, 2 ,3 ,19 ,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic, ursolic acids, -sitosterol- -D-glucoside isolated from the leaves.
Botanical Name - Rheum emodi Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Roots, Rhizomes General Information - Rheum emodi or Himalayan rhubarb is a perennial herb belongs to family Polygonaceae. It has been used in various traditional systems as laxative, tonic, diuretic and to treat fever, cough, indigestion, menstrual disorder since antiquity. This paper consists of literature of Rheum emodi regarding its ethno botany, folkloric uses, chemical properties and pharmacological studies. Phytochemicals - The most common constituents of Rheum emodi are anthraquinone (rhein, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, emodin, physcion, and their glycosides) and stilbene (picetannol, resveratrol and their glycosides). Studies have shown that Rheum emodi possess anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidyslipidemic, ant platelet, ant diabetic, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, immunoenhancing and nephroprotective activities. These studies raised the therapeutic efficacy of rhubarb in diverse ailments.
Botanical Name - Vitex negundo Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Whole Plant General Information - Vitex negundo Linn., belonging to family Verbenaceae (which comprises 75 genera and nearly 2500 spe-cies), commonly known as Five leaved chaste tree (Eng), Nirgandi (Hindi), Nirgundi (San-skrit), is a deciduous shrub, occur in tropical to temperate region. The leaves have five leaflets in a palmately arrangement, which are lanceolate, 4 - 10 cm long, hairy beneathand pointed at both ends. The bluish purple flowers are numerous. The fruit is succulent, black and rounded when ripehaving about 4 mm in diameter. Vitex negundo (Linn.) is one of the common plants used in traditional medicine and reported to have variety of pharmacological activities. Although, all parts of V. negundo are used as medicine in theindigenous system of medicine, the leaves are the most potent for medicinal use. The decoction of leaves is used fortreatment of inflammation, eye-disease, toothache, leucoderma,enlargement of the spleen, ulcers, cancers, catarrhal fever,rheumatoid arthritis, gonorrhea, sinuses, scrofulous sores,bronchitis and as tonics, vermifuge, lactagogue, emmenag-ogue, antibacterial, antipyretic, antihistaminic, analgesic, in-secticidal, ovicidal, feeding deterrence, growth inhibition and morphogenetic agents. Phytochemicals - V. negundo have several types of compounds,such as volatile oils, lignans, flavonoids, iridoids, terpenes (triterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes), andsteroids.
Botanical Name - Tribulus terrestris Category - Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Fruit General Information - Tribulus terrestris (family Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as Gokshur or Gokharu or puncture vine, has been used for a long time in both the Indian and Chinese systems of medicine for treatment of various kinds of diseases. It has diuretic, aphrodisiac, antiurolithic, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, absorption enhancing, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, central nervous system, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, anticancer, antibacterial, anthelmintic, larvicidal, and anticariogenic activities. Phytochemicals - Tribulus terrestris's various parts contain a variety of chemical constituents which are medicinally important, such as flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, steroidal saponins, and alkaloids.
Botanical Name - Tinospora cordifolia Category - Medicinal Form - Fresh/Dry Part Used - Stem General Information - Tinospora cordifolia commonly named as Guduchi in Sanskrit belonging to family Menispermaceae is a genetically diverse, large, deciduous climbing shrub with greenish yellow typical flowers, found at higher altitude. In racemes or racemose panicles, the male flowers are clustered and female are solitary. The flowering season expands over summers and winters. Phytochemicals - A variety of active components derived from the plant like alkaloids, steroids, diterpenoid lactones, aliphatics, and glycosides have been isolated from the different parts of the plant body, including root, stem, and whole plant. Recently, the plant is of great interest to researchers across the globe because of its reported medicinal properties like anti-diabetic, anti-periodic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, anti-leprotic, anti-malarial, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic activities.
Botanical Name - Swertia chirayita Category - Aromatic/Medicinal Form - Dry Part Used - Whole Plant General Information - Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae), a popular medicinal herb indigenous to the temperate Himalayas is used in traditional medicine to treat numerous ailments such as liver disorders, malaria, and diabetes and are reported to have a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. This ethnomedicinal herb is known mostly for its bitter taste caused by the presence of different bioactive compounds that are directly associated with human health welfare. The increasing high usage of Swertia chirayita, mostly the underground tissues, as well as the illegal overharvesting combined with habitat destruction resulted in a drastic reduction of its populations and has brought this plant to the verge of extinction. Phytochemicals - The whole plant of S. chirayita have been reported to be used for the treatment of antibacterial and antifungal activity. Anti-hepatitis B virus activity of S. chirayita extracts was also studied. The whole plant of S. chirayita has been reported for the anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activity. The wide-range biological activities of S. chirayita are attributed to the presence of a diverse group of pharmacologically bioactive compounds belonging to different classes such as xanthones and their derivatives, lignans, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, iridoids, secoiridoids, and other compounds such as chiratin, ophelicacid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid.
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